4 research outputs found
Parameters Affecting Pre-Treatment Dosimetry Verification
To assure the accuracy and safety of radiation delivery, it is highly recommended to perform pretreatment verification for complex treatment methods such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to detect any potential errors in the treatment planning process and machine deliverability. It is expected that a qualified medical physicist is aware of the underlying scientific principles of imaging and therapeutic processes to perform or supervise technical aspects of pretreatment procedures to ensure safe and effective delivery of the treatment. For this purpose, several guidelines have been published to help direct medical physicists to evaluate the accuracy of treatment planning system (TPS) in the calculation of radiation dose, and dosimetry equipment to avoid possible errors. This will require a clear understanding of abilities as well as the limitations of each TPS, the dosimetry equipment at hand, and the gamma index to perform a comprehensive pre-treatment verification
Flattened photon beams, an obsolete feature in modern linear accelerators
Background: With the advent of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and
recently, Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), treatment planning using
Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beams can meet all of the energy requirements in
radiation therapy clinics. Manufacturers of linear accelerators no longer need
to install a flattening filter (FF) in gantry head. This study aims to provide
evidence of the superiority of FFF to FF through both dosimetric measurements
and clinical treatment plans. Materials and Methods: A 50x50x50cm3 water
phantom was created in the RayStation treatment planning system (TPS) for
dosimetry comparisons. Flat beam profiles were generated using FFF beam through
an optimization process for 10x10 to 30x30cm2 field sizes. Next, a comparison
of treatment plans was made using 21 Head and Neck and 14 Lung/Mediastinum
treatment sites using 6MV and 6MV-FFF beams. Results: Using FFF beams, profiles
with flatness and symmetry identical to or better than those of the flattened
beams were produced. At the very edge of the optimized plans for FFF beams,
horns had the highest gamma index deviation <1.5% of the normalized dose. For
clinical plans evaluated, most of the mean doses to organs_atrisk (OAR) volumes
receiving 5% to 30% of the prescription dose were reduced with FFF beams.
Conclusion: These results indicate the feasibility of delivering flat beams
with FFF quality and producing treatment plans with equal or higher qualities
in PTV coverage while achieving better sparing of OAR which will allow
escalation of target dose if desired. Plus, removing FF will simplify the
gantry head and reduces quality assurance and machine maintenance efforts.Comment: 6 pages, 10 Figures, 2 Tables. International Journal of Radiation
Research, October 202
Differentiating Radiation Necrosis and Metastatic Progression in Brain Tumors Using Radiomics and Machine Learning
Objectives: Distinguishing between radiation necrosis(RN) and metastatic
progression is extremely challenging due to their similarity in conventional
imaging. This is crucial from a therapeutic point of view as this determines
the outcome of the treatment. This study aims to establish an automated
technique to differentiate RN from brain metastasis progression using radiomics
with machine learning. Methods: 86 patients with brain metastasis after they
underwent stereotactic radiosurgery as primary treatment were selected.
Discrete wavelets transform, Laplacian-of-Gaussian, Gradient, and Square were
applied to magnetic resonance post-contrast T1-weighted images to extract
radiomics features. After feature selection, dataset was randomly split into
train/test (80%/20%) datasets. Random forest classification(RFC), logistic
regression, and support vector classification(SVC) were trained and
subsequently validated using test set. The classification performance was
measured by area under the curve(AUC) value of receiver operating
characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: The best
performance was achieved using RFC with a Gradient filter (AUC=0.910,
std=0.047), (accuracy 0.8, std=0.071), (sensitivity=0.796 std=0.055),
(specificity =0.922, std=0.059). For SVC the best result obtains using
wavelet_HHH with a high AUC of 0.890 with std=0.89, accuracy of 0.777 with
std=0.062, sensitivity=0.701, std=0.084, and specificity=0.85 with std=0.112.
Logistic regression using wavelet_HHH provides a poor result with AUC=0.882 &
std=0.051, accuracy of 0.753 & std=0.08, sensitivity=0.717 & std=0.208, and
specificity=0.816 with std=0.123. Conclusion: This type of machine-learning
approach can help accurately distinguish RN from recurrence in magnetic
resonance imaging, without the need for biopsy. This has the potential to
improve the therapeutic outcome.Comment: 10 pages, 4 Figures, 2 Tables. American Journal of Clinical Oncology,
August 202
Artificial Intelligence-based Motion Tracking in Cancer Radiotherapy: A Review
Radiotherapy aims to deliver a prescribed dose to the tumor while sparing
neighboring organs at risk (OARs). Increasingly complex treatment techniques
such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery
(SRS), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and proton therapy have been
developed to deliver doses more precisely to the target. While such
technologies have improved dose delivery, the implementation of intra-fraction
motion management to verify tumor position at the time of treatment has become
increasingly relevant. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated
great potential for real-time tracking of tumors during treatment. However,
AI-based motion management faces several challenges including bias in training
data, poor transparency, difficult data collection, complex workflows and
quality assurance, and limited sample sizes. This review serves to present the
AI algorithms used for chest, abdomen, and pelvic tumor motion
management/tracking for radiotherapy and provide a literature summary on the
topic. We will also discuss the limitations of these algorithms and propose
potential improvements.Comment: 36 pages, 5 Figures, 4 Table